中国环境挑战： Finding a Balance between Growth and Sustainability (中国的环境挑战)

中国是一个发展迅速的国家，拥有庞大的人口和不断增长的经济。这种增长也带来了重大的环境挑战。这些挑战包括空气和水污染、土壤退化、气候变化以及生物多样性丧失。

空气污染

中国是世界上空气污染最严重的国家之一。该国的空气污染主要是由燃煤发电厂、工业活动和机动车造成的。空气污染对人体健康有严重影响，包括呼吸道疾病、心脏病和癌症。

水污染

中国也是世界上水资源最匮乏的国家之一。该国的许多河流和湖泊都受到工业废水、农业径流和生活污水的污染。水污染对人体健康和生态系统都有有害影响。

土壤退化

中国的许多地区都在经历土壤退化，这主要是由于过度放牧、森林砍伐和不当的农业实践造成的。土壤退化导致土地丧失、农作物产量下降以及水土流失。

气候变化

中国是温室气体排放量最大的国家之一。该国的气候变化影响包括极端天气事件增加、海平面上升和粮食安全受到威胁。

生物多样性丧失

中国拥有丰富的生物多样性，但该国的许多物种都受到栖息地丧失、过度捕捞和污染的威胁。生物多样性丧失对生态系统和人类福祉都有负面影响。

解决方案

解决中国的环境挑战需要多管齐下的方法。这些解决方案包括：

• 投资可再生能源以减少空气污染
• 加强水污染法规并投资于废水处理
• 推广可持续农业实践以减少土壤退化
• 减少温室气体排放以应对气候变化
• 保护和恢复栖息地以防止生物多样性丧失

平衡增长与可持续发展

在解决环境挑战的同时，中国必须平衡经济增长与可持续发展。这可以通过投资于清洁技术、鼓励创新和促进负责任的消费来实现。中国政府还必须与企业、非政府组织和公众合作，以开发和实施可持续发展的解决方案。

中国的环境挑战是巨大的，但它们不是不可克服的。通过采取行动，中国可以保护其自然资源，为其公民创造一个更健康、更美好的未来。

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关于环境犯罪的英文文献

Environmental crime preventionEnvironmental crime prevention encompasses a range of substantive considerations. It must deal with acts and omissions that are already criminalised and prohibited, such as illegal fishing or illegal dumping of toxic waste. It must also come to grips with events that have yet to be designated officially as harmful but which show evidence of exhibiting potentially negative consequences. Environmental crime prevention likewise has to negotiate different types of harms, as these affect humans, local and Global environments, and non-human animals. The aims and objectives of environmental crime prevention are inseparable from eco-philosophy. That is, what it is we are trying to prevent is linked to how we view human interests, the needs and requirements of specific biospheres, and the rights of non-human animals (White 2007a; White 2008). Environmental crime prevention also therefore encapsulates particular visions of the good society. Crime prevention of any type always has ramifications for the kind of world within which we live, and the balance we make between liberty and social control (Sutton, Cherney & White 2008). For example, a strong ecological stance could well justify the prohibition of people from going into any wilderness area whatsoever, on the basis of preventing human interference in such areas. Whether alternatives are possible or should be made available is exactly what the political deliberations over crime prevention would have to address. The answer depends upon the specific vision - the perceived relationship between nature, society and animals - which is seen as ideal at any particular point in time. If humans are allowed into wilderness areas, then the next question is under what conditions. To prevent possible environmental harm perpetrated by humans in these areas, rules and regulations are needed (e.g. on burying human waste, on taking litter out of the areas with you as you go). Creative architecture and strategic planning can also ameliorate the impact of humans. For example, boardwalks and well-marked pathways can channel human traffic in certain directions and through certain areas. Providing toilets and lookouts might draw tourists and bushwalkers into particular settings and thus away from more pristine wilderness locations. Once general decisions are made about the nature-human interface, provisions can be introduced to prevent or minimise damage. Theoretically, good environmental crime prevention should be as inclusive of human, environmental and animal interests as much as possible. To achieve this, we need to be clear as to what crime prevention is actually intended to do. Balancing diverse human and non-human interests still means assigning some type of value to the potential harm. Consider oil for example: is environmental crime prevention best served by ensuring that oil tankers are shipshape and tightly regulated in transporting oil? This would ensure a moderate quantity of harm minimisation. Or, should we eliminate the threat of oil spill by banning oil tankers outright? This would entail harm eradication. Clearly the type and extent of environmental crime prevention will be dictated by notions of human self-interest, as well as potential threats to environments, animals and mandate of green criminology is to foster greater attention, analysis and action regarding environmental harm. From the perspective of environmental crime prevention, the tasks are both instrumental and symbolic. We want to implement strategies to protect certain peoples, places and wildlife. At the same time, we want to signal to the community as a whole that this particular issue is significant and that it expresses collective values about what counts. For example, the establishment of green zones in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is important, not only because it excludes certain areas from human interaction, but also because it sends a strong message that ecological wellbeing does count in human calculations of marine interests. The choice of words is important, as is publicity surrounding these protected areas. To label certain areas green implies natural and unspoiled; the word zone connotes an area with clearly defined boundaries and of the key lessons from conventional crime prevention is that it should be based largely on a problem-solving, rather than policy-prescribed, model of intervention. Different types of places lend themselves to different types of environmental harm. Some issues are of a planetary scale (e.g. global warming) and others regional (e.g. oceans and fisheries). Some are national in geographical location (e.g. droughts in Australia) while others are local (e.g. specific oil spills). Perceptions and consciousness of harm are linked in part to the proximity of human habitation to the sources of harm. A toxic spill in the middle of a major city, or contamination of a major waterway, is more likely to capture public attention and government action than something that happens in a remote wilderness area or offshore. Different types of harm likewise tend to call for different types of responses. For example, generally speaking, environmental issues can be categorised according to three different types of harm (White 2005). Brown issues tend to be defined in terms of urban life and pollution (e.g. air quality), green issues relate mainly to wilderness areas and conservation matters (e.g. logging practices), and white issues refer to science laboratories and the impact of new technologies (e.g. genetically modified organisms). Conceptualising environmental issues in this way helps demonstrate the link between environmental action (usually involving distinct community and environmental groups) and particular sites (e.g. urban centres, wilderness areas, coastal regions). Some issues resonate more than others with the public; other issues generally only emerge if an accident or disaster brings it to the fore. This also affects the flow of resources to specific types of crime prevention endeavour. A problem-solving approach to crime prevention demands a certain level of specificity. General pronouncements about the nature of harm need to be accompanied by particular site or harm analysis. To illustrate how this might occur, we can consider the issue of illegal fishing. Before doing so, it is important to note that fishing - both legal and illegal - is associated with a wide range of potentially harmful activity (White 2007b). Legal fishing, such as aquaculture and the scientific harvesting of whales, can engender great harm. The distinction between legal and illegal may not be the best way to conceptualise harm or responses to harm. Illegal fishingFor the sake of simplicity, this paper will only consider instances of illegal fishing. Even so, there are major variations in the specific nature of that illegality. Consider, for example, the following types of illegal fishing (White 2007b):commercial fishing, which involves catches in excess of quota, false declarations and destruction of bycatch linked to marine pollution recreational fishing, which involves unlicensed fishing and fishing in excess of quota Indigenous fishing, which may involve fishing in traditional but foreign waters and fishing without a permit large-scale illegal fishing, which also involves overexploitation of particular species such as sharks specialist illegal fishing, which is designed to exploit endangered species for private fish collections or medicinal purposes. Different scales, motivations and techniques underpin these types of illegal fishing. Environmental crime prevention has to address the specific nature of the phenomenon in question if it is to be appropriate to the circumstances. Different types of illegality require different types of responses, as they have quite different origins. Conventional crime prevention emphasises the importance of undertaking scoping analysis before developing an intervention plan (Sutton, Cherney & White 2008). For example, it is useful to assess the key relationships and agencies involved in shaping targets, places and offending as they occur in a marine environment (e.g. fisheries management, marine park authorities, customs, navy, consumers). While general patterns of illegal fishing can be determined in this way, the structural or underpinning reasons for different types of illegal fishing still require close analysis. Indigenous or traditional fishing provides some indication of the complexities of the issues. The first question to ask in considering traditional fishing - legal or illegal - is what is actually meant by the word traditional. This can refer to different aspects of traditional fishing, such as:who specifically (Indigenous Australian, Indigenous Indonesian, Papua New Guinean, Torres Strait Islander) how specifically (methods, techniques and technologies) where specifically (traditional fisheries for particular coastal groups). Conflicts can arise when modern technologies are used for what used to be simply subsistence fishing. The use of motorboats, nets and fishing rods, and sonar equipment allows for overexploitation to occur. Overexploitation of resources may be due to employment of new technologies, perceptions of resources being boundless and where management is believed to be beyond human control (Caughley, Bomford & McNee 1996). Moreover, overexploitation may be generated in the new methods of production themselves. For example, the mobility, range and efficiency of traditional fishing are all enhanced through modern methods and technologies. Conversely, these technologies generate the need for cash to supplement subsistence, e.g. buying the boat and petrol for the boat. The net effect is pressure to fish beyond immediate consumption can also occur with different notions of sustainability and encroachment by other people into traditional fishing areas (Caughley, Bomford & McNee 1996). Different perceptions of sustainability translate into different purposes and scales of operation. For example, in an international context, traditional fishers are usually associated with small-scale fisheries that are labour-intensive and economically fragile (Hauck 2007). Large-scale commercial fisheries and large-scale illegal fishing operations put these traditional fishers in a perilous position. Not only are these large-scale operations export-oriented, but also the scale of fishing itself tends to put pressure on fishing stocks. Overfishing in some waters has immediate and dire consequences for local traditional fishers, as fish is part of their staple diet. Moreover, overfishing in one place causes movement of large-scale fisheries and traditional fishers to other locations, thus impinging upon traditional rights and traditional owners in these areas. Conflict may occur not only between trawler operators and traditional fishers, but also among traditional fishers as they are forced further from their own traditional fishing waters to sustain a liveable catch. Thus, the problem is not simply one of noncompliance on the part of small-scale fishers (e.g. Indonesian fishers in Australian defined waters), but of food security and the reliance on increasingly declining fish stocks for survival. Hence, from a crime prevention perspective, a compliance approach will not work, as it does not address the diversity of issues that may be influencing non-compliant behaviour (Hauck 2007) complexities of traditional fishing are also manifest in the fact that a continuum exists between commercial and traditional fishing. Traditional fishing today often has an interface with the cash economy: fish to eat, and fish to sell to subsist (Altman, Bek & Roach 1996; Caughley, Bomford & McNee 1996). One issue, mentioned above, is whether the activities of commercial (and indeed recreational) fishers adversely affect subsistence resources of traditional communities. Another issue is to what extent these communities must themselves rely upon commercialised fishing to gain sufficient subsistence resources. The former requires external controls of some kind to dissuade overfishing and illegal fishing. These might include monitoring and surveillance, as well as moral persuasion, to desist from harmful behaviour. The latter might be responded to by employing incentive measures. An example of what this might look like is provided in a Canadian initiative:In Canada, the Income Security Program (ISP) established for Cree hunters in north Quebec provides guaranteed income to allow the Cree to hunt. With the ISP, production is linked to peoples need and there is no incentive to overexploit wildlife resources. Indeed there is a voluntary decrease in hunting in overused areas, and other wildlife conservation practices such as monitoring the numbers of certain game are recognised as hunting-related work under the ISP (Altman, Bek & Roach 1996) type of incentive is to involve Indigenous people directly in co-management of the resource. In this approach, Indigenous fishing rights consist not only of a claim to a share of the harvest, but also a stake in the conservation and management of the resources. So, the right to fish can be regulated, but Indigenous people should be part of that this discussion of traditional fishing illustrates is the complexities of the issues and the need for thorough analysis before developing crime prevention options. Different types of fishing activities require different responses. While incentives might be crucial to forestalling illegal fishing by Indonesian traditional fishers in Australian waters, trade-related regulation would be more appropriate as a means to deal with large-scale illegal fishing (Lack 2007). In other instances, a variety of situational measures can be applied that have a distinct marine application (Smith & Anderson 2004). We can envisage a wide range of techniques, approaches and strategies to environmental crime prevention regarding illegal fishing. While suggestive of possible interventions, drawing from such a list only makes sense and works when put into specific fishing contexts. Studies of particular types of illegal fishing - such as abalone, lobster and toothfish - show great variation in motives, techniques, local cultures and scale of operation (Anderson & McCusker 2005; Lugten 2005; McMullan & Perrier 2002; Tailby & Gant 2002). As argued throughout this paper, the specificity of the harm should drive the type of intervention. In turn, this requires close analysis of the multiple facets of each type of harmful activity. ConclusionThis paper concludes by briefly highlighting a few issues that confront criminologists in trying to understand environmental issues. In considering these, it is pertinent to consider the types of skills, capacities and organisational relationships needed if we are to prevent environmental the problemThe question of how to define the problem is an intractable and necessary part of the development of environmental crime prevention. Many areas of harm to humans, the environment and non-human animals are presently not criminalised. This includes such destructive, degrading and dehumanising practices as clear-felling of old-growth forests, reliance upon battery hen egg and poultry production, and use of depleted uranium in weapons. From an analytical perspective, conceptualisation of harm should not rely upon the distinction between legal and illegal per se, especially as some of the worlds most environmentally disastrous practices are still legal. Environmental crime prevention may entail the exposure of negative, degrading and hazardous practices as a prelude to the banning or close control of such practices. New concepts of harm, as informed by ecological sciences and environmental values, will inevitably be developed as part of this process. For example, an ecological perspective on planetary wellbeing looks at the world in terms of climate change, biodiversity and waste/pollution (UNEP 2007). Human activities covering these domains contribute to environmental deterioration, and are detrimental to specific humans, non-human animals and ecological systems. Criminalisation and regulation of such behaviour is crucial if ecological values are to prevail. Prevention and precautionUncertainties surrounding future impacts and consequences mean that debate will occur over when preventative measures need to be introduced as a precautionary measure. The politics of ecological sustainability will collide with the interests of economic growth, as greater adherence to the precautionary principle will almost always lead to curtailment of existing profit-making enterprises. Environmental crime prevention must be forward-looking if human, biosphere and non-human interests are to be protected in the future. This means implementing interventions now to guarantee environmental wellbeing later. For example, a study of lobster poaching in Canada found a complex underground economy, with alliances between outlaw poachers, hotels, restaurants, community groups and private citizens. This was in a social environment in which the taking of lobster was seen as the natural right (and yearly ritual) of locals (McMullan & Perrier 2002). A futures orientation means grappling with such entrenched practices through innovative thinking at both a policy and grounded intervention level. Different opinions over future consequences can also mean that those who take action now (such as protesting) for the sake of future generations may be criminalised in the present. But the history of law reform is built precisely upon such tensions.

中文译成英文 求翻译

1. 人口结构转变的挑战我国人口发展的主要矛盾，已从控制人口数量转向改善人口结构的新阶段。 The challenges of demographic change in the principal contradiction of Chinas population development, population shift from control to improve the population structure of a new stage. 新的人口问题，即随着生育率的急骤下降，人口结构出现极不寻常的蜕变，打破了人类社会自身年龄、代际、性别的生态平衡，将是中国崛起最严峻的挑战之一。 The new population problem, that was experiencing with the decline in fertility, population structure is highly unusual transformation, breaking the age of human society itself, intergenerational, gender, ecological balance, the rise of China will be the most serious challenges. 中国人口占世界总人口的比重日益下降，对这一趋势必须关注。 Chinas population accounts for the proportion of the worlds population is declining, we must pay attention to this trend. 劳动力优势悄然弱化，老龄化浪潮汹涌而至，性别失衡亮起“红灯”。 Advantage of weaker labor quietly, but to the surging tide of aging, gender imbalance in turn red. 决策应以科学预测为基础，实行新的人口方略。 The decision-making should be based on scientific prediction based on the implementation of the new population strategy. 当人口结构改变已成事实，我们已不能再依靠我们国家廉价的劳动力来作为经济增长的跳板，所以我们这一代及以后的青少年应切实提高自身的劳动技术水平和综合素质，过去的仅靠双手就可养家的状况将改变，未来要求职工掌握必要的先进技术。 When the changes in population structure has become a reality, we can no longer rely on cheap labor in our country as a springboard for economic growth, so we of this generation and beyond, young people should effectively improve their skill level and overall quality of labor, past alone hands can support a family situation will change in future, require workers to acquire the necessary advanced technologies. 我们的企业也应该与时俱进，适时作从劳动密集型向技术研发型转变，增强综合竞争力。 Our business should be with the times, to make a timely manner from the labor-intensive to technology-based changes in research and development and enhance overall competitiveness. 这就要求我们努力学习科学文化知识，掌握必要的计算机技能和具备一定外语能力。 This requires us to strive to learn scientific and cultural knowledge, to acquire the necessary computer skills and possess the necessary foreign language ability. 我们要积极倡导建设一个终生学习型的社会，到时不仅是青壮年对社会做贡献，连目前被称为老年的群体也可以在一定程度上发挥余热。 We must actively promote the building of a lifelong learning society, when the time is not only the young adults to contribute to society, and even now known as the old age groups may to a certain extent, play the heat. 我们更应该积极宣传男女平等，让社会有更好的可持续性。 We should actively promote gender equality and the sustainability of the community better. 据统计，近几年出生的婴儿中男女比例为120：100，这将导致这批人成年以后有一定比例的“光棍”，到时会给社会造成压力。 According to statistics, in recent years, infants born male to female ratio 120:100, which will lead to these people beyond a certain percentage of the adults bachelor to give the community time pressure.2． 2. 环境保护与可持续发展环境问题将是以后的一个不容忽视的重大问题，应该引起全人类的关注。 Environmental protection and sustainable development in environmental issues will be a future major issues can not be ignored, should arouse the concern of all humanity. 对于我们青少年，首先应该加强自身的环保观念，摒弃谈论环境问题为时过早的旧观念，之后仅仅是我们自己观念先进了还不够，应该着眼于向认识不够到位的，特别是广大的农村地区人群，广泛宣传应从与自然对立斗争转变为尊重自然与自然和谐相处； 应从一味向自然索取追求享受转变为珍惜资源爱护环境；应从只顾自己的利益转变为关心地球关心人类；应从只考虑眼前利益转变为考虑持续发展。 For our young people should first strengthen their own concepts, to talk about environmental issues is too early to abandon the old concepts, followed by only a concept advanced by our own is not enough, we should focus on knowledge is not enough to put in place, especially in the vast rural areas regional populations, should be widely publicized confrontation with nature, the struggle for the respect for nature into harmony with nature; should be obtained blindly to the pursuit of the enjoyment of natural resources, care for the environment into a treasure; should be serving its own interests into the Earths concern for human care; should only consider the immediate into consideration sustainable development.其次，我们应该注意加强环境法制体系，让保护环境与资源变得有法可依。 Secondly, we should pay attention to strengthening the environmental legal system, so that protection of the environment and resources has become a legal basis. 促进我们国家经济建设与环境保护更好的协调起来。 To promote our countrys economic construction and environmental protection to better coordinate.再者，我们大学生要积极进入广大农村，为农民带去先进知识和管理方法并进行生态农业的建设，促进农村地区的可持续发展，还有青年科技工作者应该加大研发清洁能源和可回收材料，加强能源和资源的可持续生产与利用，改进现今的防污治污方法，切实进行污染防治及环境修复。 Furthermore, we have students to actively enter the vast rural areas for farmers and bring advanced knowledge and management practices and ecological agriculture, construction, and promote sustainable development in rural areas, as well as young scientists should intensify research and development of clean energy and recyclable materials, energy and resources to enhance the sustainable production and use, todays anti-pollution pollution control methods to improve and effectively carry out pollution control and environmental restoration. 3． 3. 健康与心理素质在当今的社会上，我们青少年是时尚潮流的主导者，一定程度上，我们的行为反映了一个社会的风气的好与坏。 Health and psychological quality in todays society, our youth is the dominant fashion trends, to a certain extent, our behavior reflects the culture of a society good or bad. 所以我们行事应该处处考虑是否符合社会道德规范。 Therefore, we consider every aspect of acting in line with the code of ethics.未来的社会将是更具挑战和机遇的社会，我们要注重自身的全面发展，必要技能与个人修养个性并重，在团体合作中也应该有共赢精神。 Society of the future will be more challenges and opportunities of the community, we should pay attention to their full development, if necessary, equal emphasis on individual skills and personal self-cultivation, in the groups also should have the spirit of win-win situation.4． 4. 多元文化及科技融合随着国家之间的交流愈趋紧密，国家间的竞争不仅仅在经济、军事领域，在文化、娱乐方面的角逐也是更为激烈，我们是撑起祖国的下一代，理应在各个层面上严格要求自己，积极倡导中国的传统文化在世界多元文化中引领风尚的一种潮流，促进我国科技实力的增强，使国民的自尊与自信心提高到历史的新高度。 With the integration of multi-cultural and technological exchanges between countries is getting closer, the competition among countries not only in the economic and military sphere, in cultural, entertainment and even more intense rivalry, we prop up the motherland and the next generation, should be at all levels strict demands on themselves, and actively promote Chinas traditional culture in the worlds leading multi-cultural in a kind of fashion trend, promoting Chinas scientific and technological strength, so that peoples self-esteem and self-confidence to a new historic high. 在保持个性独立的前提下广泛的参与国际合作，进行全方位的交流。 While maintaining the premise of independent personality, a wide range of participation in international cooperation and all-round exchanges.在科技领域，要注重吸取他国的先进经验与从上到下的科研项目运作机制，从而最大程度上发挥每个人的智慧；在文化领域，我们既不能任由全盘西化一味否定传统的思想的肆虐，也不能唯我独尊，目中无人，最可取的是让几千年的优良传统融入到自己的行为方式中，适时“拿来主义”，扩大中华文明的影响力，使之成为世界多元文化中一朵奇葩。 In science and technology, we should pay attention to learn the advanced experience of other countries operating research projects with top-down mechanisms to the maximum extent possible to play everyones wisdom; in the cultural field, we can not allow the wholesale Westernization denial about the havoc caused by traditional thinking , we can not conceited, arrogant, the most desirable is to make the fine tradition for thousands of years into their own behavior, the time take-ism and increase the influence of Chinese civilization, making it the worlds diverse culture, a wonderful work

与世界其他地区相比,中国的经济发展得更好英文

Compared to other regions in the world, China has achieved greater economic development. Over the past few decades, China has transformed from a primarily agricultural economy to one dominated by industry and technology. The country has become the worlds largest exporter and has achieved rapid growth rates, lifting millions of people out of success can be attributed to a number of factors, including a large and skilled labor force, a thriving business environment, and a strong focus on innovation and technological advancement. In addition, the government has implemented policies to encourage investment and promote economic development, such as opening up to foreign investment and implementing market-oriented reforms.

However, despite its successes, China still faces challenges in sustaining its economic growth and ensuring inclusive development. The country needs to continue investing in education and innovation to stay competitive on the global stage. It also needs to address issues such as income inequality and environmental degradation, which can hinder long-term economic growth.

Overall, Chinas economic success is a testament to the hard work and determination of its people, as well as the governments commitment to economic development. As China continues to navigate its economic challenges, it will be important to maintain a balance between growth and sustainability, and to prioritize the well-being of its citizens.

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相关标签： a、 between、 中国环境挑战、 Balance、 Finding、 中国的环境挑战、 Growth、 and、 Sustainability、

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